March 9, 2014

Building a WAV player

I have a simple 8 Ohm speaker which has been gathering dust for quite a while, so I figured I should start using it in some way. The most obvious project was building a simple WAV player, which actually turned out to be simpler than I expected.

 You will need some mikrocontroller with PWM capabilities and SPI (not very hard requirements); I will use an Atmega328p since a) I have some lying around and b) they are the controllers used in the Arduino, so you can use the Arduino hardware, which is really convenient for debugging since it has an integrated UART-USB-converter. However, we will program in C, bypassing the Arduino IDE and libraries - after all, including a library and calling a "play_wav()" function is not very teaching.

On the hardware side, besides the mikrocontroller and the speaker, you will need:
- A bipolar npn transistor.
- A resistor, depending on the amplification of your transistor - 470 Ohm should easily do it. For the beginning, you may also want to use another resistor to limit the current through the speaker, just to be on the safe side.
- An SD card for storing the WAV files and some way to connect it to your breadboard. You can for example use a micro SD card, plug it into a microSD-to-SD adapter and then solder wires onto the adapter.
- SD cards DO NOT WORK with 5V. If your microcontroller runs with 5 Volt, you need a level shifter.
- some capacitors are useful to improve sound quality.
- some wires.

Let us start with the wiring of the speaker. It is fairly simple: Connect one side of the speaker to the supply voltage, the other side to ground via the collector and emitter of the transistor. Then connect the base of the transistor via a resistor to the PWM pin on your mikrocontroller you want to use, and we are done.




 Now we can already play some simple sounds. We only have to toggle the PWM pin at an audible frequency, say something between 200 and 1000 Hertz. You can either achieve this by setting up suitable delays or timers and switch the pin whenever a delay or timer runs out; that approach has the advantage that you can create arbitrary frequencies. Since we will later on have to use the PWM functionalities anyway, we will use a dedicated PWM pin. For this part, you should add a small resistor between the speaker and VCC - the sine wave sound we will play can be quite loud.

Here is the source code for the Atmega328 used on the Arduino, taken right from Atmel Studio:


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14
#include <avr/io.h>

int main(void)
{
    DDRB = (1 << PB1);
    OCR1A = 128;
    TCCR1A = (1 << COM1A1) | (1 << WGM10);
    TCCR1B = (1 << WGM12) | ( 1 << CS12);
 
    while(1)
    {
       
    }
}

Pin B1 (or Pin 9 on the Arduino) is the PWM pin for timer 1; we set timer 1 to 8-bit PWM mode by setting WGM10 and WGM12, and setting CS12 sets the prescaler to 256. Finally, the OCR1A register contains the length of the duty cycle; we set it to 128 so that the pin is high half of the time.
These settings correspond to a frequency of

16 MHz (frequency of the Arduino) / (256 (length of a PWM cycle) * 256 (prescaler)) = 244 Hz

If you are using an Atmega328p, you probably have to tweak these numbers since it may not be clocked at 16 MHz. By default, the internal oscillator clocks the Atmega at 1 MHz, so using a prescaler of 16 instead of 256 should play the same sound.

Compiling the code and uploading it, you should hear the speaker make a  - rather unpleasant - tone. In case you don't know, you upload the hex file to the Arduino by navigating to the directory containing the hex file via the command line and then executing the following command while pressing Reset on the Arduino:


avrdude -P com3 -p m328p -c avrisp -b 115200 -F -U flash:w:<NameOfYourFile>.hex

Ok, we have (hopefully) sound - even though its rather annoying sound at this point...

Before explaining what we have to do to play actual sound, let me show you a program for the Atmega328p which plays actual sound. Wiring is as before, except that you should remove the resistor between speaker and VCC.  If you want to run this code on an Arduino, you have to account for the higher frequency (16 MHz), compared to the 8 MHz of the internal oscillator of an Atmega (I remove the standard prescaler of 8 in the first two lines of main(), switching from default 1 MHz clockrate to 8 MHz). Just change all lines "sample_count = 2" into "sample_count = 4" and you should be fine. The PWM pin used is Pin B1, or Pin 9 on the Arduino layout.

Be careful when copying this program - the array extends quite far to the right.


#include <stdint.h>
#include <avr/io.h>
#include <avr/pgmspace.h>
#define F_CPU 8000000UL  // 8 MHz
#include <avr/delay.h>
#include <avr/interrupt.h>
volatile uint16_t sample = 0;
volatile int sample_count;
const uint16_t helloworld_length= 25000;



const unsigned char helloworld[] PROGMEM=
{
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 129,128,128,127,129,128,126,126,127,129,126,126,128,126,125,124,127,128,127,129,129,128,126,126,127,127,127,130,134,132,129,129,129,129,127,127,131,133,131,128,130,133,132,129,129,128,127,125,124,128,131,127,126,126,125,124,123,125,124,124,124,124,124,121,122,125,126,125,125,128,128,127,126,129,131,131,135,136,137,137,135,138,138,138,138,140,143,141,137,134,133,132,127,123,123,126,120,107,98,102,
 112,106,105,109,112,121,116,113,116,122,129,125,129,139,145,148,141,142,145,144,145,144,150,153,153,151,147,146,142,137,133,129,126,125,125,118,110,101,96,94,88,88,91,91,97,121,146,154,142,127,122,120,115,115,129,147,156,155,147,143,139,132,130,134,147,155,155,156,153,149,140,134,135,131,122,115,120,124,116,100,91,90,82,74,68,86,133,166,169,148,129,124,110,97,98,124,155,165,163,153,
 145,137,121,115,122,138,155,163,166,164,155,142,130,128,130,130,123,117,123,122,111,93,81,77,75,70,76,124,171,182,161,127,118,112,102,98,111,146,167,168,155,139,137,126,116,114,125,149,160,167,167,160,152,135,128,128,130,132,121,119,122,121,112,90,78,72,74,70,79,130,173,189,165,125,112,106,107,103,110,138,161,174,158,138,130,124,124,118,122,137,152,165,163,155,149,143,140,133,129,128,
 125,126,124,118,112,102,93,84,75,69,75,112,155,185,181,148,120,101,100,106,113,127,140,157,160,154,141,125,119,116,123,130,137,145,149,153,151,150,147,142,137,132,131,129,128,123,117,114,108,101,88,77,67,76,114,159,189,180,147,115,98,103,111,120,126,137,150,158,157,142,126,116,116,124,132,138,141,146,151,156,155,149,139,131,128,128,129,125,116,110,105,102,94,85,73,74,105,146,181,182,
 155,122,101,102,112,124,128,132,139,148,155,150,138,122,116,119,129,138,141,143,147,154,157,153,143,131,125,125,128,125,117,109,101,98,92,86,76,80,108,146,178,180,157,124,103,101,111,125,129,133,136,144,152,152,142,127,117,117,126,137,143,144,145,150,155,155,146,133,123,121,124,124,118,109,101,97,92,87,79,85,108,143,173,178,161,130,107,100,110,124,132,135,134,139,146,151,147,135,123,117,
 122,131,141,145,147,149,152,152,146,137,127,122,123,122,119,111,101,93,89,87,84,91,111,139,164,172,161,137,115,104,109,120,130,134,134,137,141,147,147,141,130,121,121,128,137,144,148,149,150,149,146,139,131,125,122,120,117,111,103,96,89,85,82,90,111,138,162,171,162,140,120,108,109,118,127,132,133,135,139,145,147,143,134,125,122,125,133,140,145,148,149,148,146,142,136,131,126,123,120,115,
 108,101,93,88,84,85,96,115,136,150,154,147,136,127,124,128,132,136,137,137,137,137,137,135,131,126,124,125,130,135,141,145,149,151,151,149,144,138,131,125,118,112,106,100,95,91,87,85,89,100,115,132,144,150,150,148,145,144,145,145,144,139,132,126,121,119,120,123,127,132,136,140,145,149,152,153,151,146,140,132,124,117,111,105,100,95,92,89,88,91,99,111,124,136,144,148,149,148,148,148,
 148,145,140,134,127,122,120,121,123,127,131,134,139,143,147,151,152,150,146,140,133,126,119,113,107,102,98,95,92,90,91,97,107,120,132,140,145,147,147,147,148,148,147,143,137,131,125,122,122,124,126,129,132,136,140,145,149,150,150,147,141,135,128,122,115,110,105,101,97,93,90,90,94,103,114,126,136,143,146,146,147,148,149,149,146,141,134,128,124,122,123,125,127,130,133,137,142,146,150,150,
 149,144,139,133,126,119,113,108,103,99,96,93,91,92,97,106,118,129,138,143,145,146,147,148,149,148,145,139,133,127,124,123,124,125,128,130,134,138,143,147,149,150,147,143,138,132,125,119,113,108,103,99,95,93,91,92,98,107,118,129,138,143,145,147,148,149,150,149,145,139,132,127,124,123,123,125,127,130,134,138,143,147,150,150,148,143,138,132,126,119,113,107,103,99,96,93,91,92,96,106,
 118,130,138,143,145,146,148,149,151,149,145,139,132,126,123,122,123,125,127,130,133,138,143,148,151,151,149,144,140,134,128,121,115,108,103,99,96,94,91,91,94,101,113,125,136,142,146,147,148,149,150,150,147,141,133,127,123,122,122,124,126,128,131,136,142,148,152,153,151,147,142,137,132,125,118,111,105,100,97,95,93,90,90,94,104,117,130,141,146,148,148,148,149,150,149,144,137,128,123,120,
 121,122,125,127,130,135,141,147,152,155,154,151,146,140,135,129,122,114,108,102,98,95,93,90,88,90,96,109,123,137,146,149,151,150,150,150,149,145,137,127,118,116,117,122,126,130,133,137,144,152,158,160,157,150,144,138,133,129,123,115,107,100,96,94,92,90,86,84,91,107,130,150,161,160,152,144,140,140,138,133,122,112,108,112,124,134,141,143,143,146,152,158,158,154,146,140,136,136,136,133,
 129,121,115,110,105,100,93,85,78,74,80,98,124,149,164,166,159,151,144,138,131,121,112,106,106,115,126,137,144,148,151,153,155,154,150,144,139,137,138,139,139,137,134,133,129,122,111,98,89,82,79,75,73,82,104,137,165,177,173,157,143,134,128,121,111,103,102,109,124,140,150,154,153,153,152,150,146,139,134,133,137,142,145,143,139,138,135,130,120,106,92,83,77,75,74,73,89,117,152,177,
 181,170,149,136,126,120,111,102,99,105,121,138,151,154,154,152,151,149,144,136,130,131,137,144,149,148,145,142,141,137,127,112,97,85,80,78,76,74,74,95,128,165,185,179,161,139,129,122,115,104,96,100,115,135,149,155,153,151,151,150,144,135,128,127,135,145,151,151,147,146,144,143,134,120,105,93,86,83,78,75,72,78,104,139,172,182,172,154,137,128,119,109,99,97,108,125,142,151,152,151,
 150,150,146,137,128,126,132,141,149,151,150,149,148,147,141,131,117,104,94,86,81,75,74,76,83,109,140,170,181,171,154,135,126,115,106,99,99,111,128,143,151,151,151,149,149,143,134,127,126,133,142,149,151,151,151,149,146,140,130,117,105,96,88,83,78,76,78,82,106,136,165,179,169,155,137,127,118,107,101,99,111,127,141,150,151,151,149,147,143,134,128,127,133,142,148,152,152,152,150,146,
 140,130,119,108,98,89,82,77,77,79,81,101,131,161,179,172,157,139,128,120,109,102,98,107,124,139,149,150,150,149,147,144,136,130,127,132,141,147,151,151,152,151,148,142,132,120,108,98,88,82,77,75,78,81,100,129,159,179,174,160,141,128,120,109,102,98,106,122,137,148,151,152,151,148,145,137,130,127,130,138,145,151,152,152,151,148,143,134,123,110,99,89,81,77,75,78,81,95,126,155,
 178,176,162,145,130,123,111,102,98,103,119,135,146,151,150,151,149,147,140,131,128,129,137,144,149,151,151,152,150,144,136,124,111,101,92,84,78,73,75,78,92,121,150,175,177,165,150,134,125,113,103,98,100,115,129,142,150,151,154,152,148,143,134,130,129,134,141,145,149,150,151,150,146,140,129,115,103,92,85,79,75,75,75,84,113,144,173,179,169,154,138,131,119,106,97,96,108,124,137,147,
 149,153,154,154,149,139,133,129,132,139,144,147,148,149,149,147,142,129,115,102,92,85,79,73,72,71,85,116,147,172,174,164,152,142,137,125,111,101,99,110,123,132,137,140,147,155,159,158,148,139,135,137,143,145,144,142,144,148,151,147,136,121,107,99,91,85,75,69,66,73,91,109,133,151,164,170,163,151,134,119,114,112,113,115,119,131,145,159,168,164,157,149,147,150,149,145,138,134,138,145,
 149,143,126,111,99,95,92,83,74,62,58,60,80,117,150,175,178,167,152,139,134,130,122,114,108,112,127,146,162,166,163,155,151,156,158,155,146,134,130,132,139,142,133,120,105,95,92,88,84,74,63,56,65,98,135,170,184,176,158,141,135,136,135,129,117,107,109,122,143,159,165,161,154,154,157,162,159,148,135,125,125,131,133,128,115,100,91,86,86,84,79,69,64,80,109,148,176,183,173,151,
 136,130,134,139,135,125,114,109,117,133,151,162,164,162,157,157,158,156,151,141,131,123,117,115,112,107,100,90,84,79,77,75,76,91,111,138,159,169,170,158,147,138,134,135,134,131,125,117,116,119,130,143,154,162,164,165,162,158,153,146,139,131,123,115,107,101,96,91,87,83,80,76,77,88,106,129,151,166,171,163,153,140,134,134,135,136,130,123,116,113,120,130,144,157,165,169,166,161,154,148,
 142,136,129,119,108,98,91,87,85,85,84,82,81,87,100,121,145,164,174,171,161,147,136,131,130,132,131,129,123,118,117,120,131,145,159,170,172,169,160,150,141,134,127,119,112,102,94,87,83,81,80,81,83,91,103,122,142,160,171,172,166,154,143,133,128,126,126,126,125,123,122,122,127,136,148,160,168,172,167,159,148,136,125,116,108,101,96,91,86,83,80,78,80,88,101,121,142,160,171,173,
 168,157,145,135,129,127,127,127,127,125,122,121,123,129,139,151,161,168,169,164,154,143,129,118,108,101,97,93,91,88,85,82,81,85,95,112,131,151,166,174,173,165,154,142,132,127,125,126,128,129,128,126,124,125,129,137,147,156,163,165,161,152,140,126,112,101,94,90,90,90,91,90,89,90,94,104,119,137,154,167,174,173,166,155,142,131,124,121,121,124,126,128,129,129,130,133,138,144,150,155,
 157,155,148,138,124,111,100,92,90,90,92,94,96,97,100,105,112,124,137,149,159,165,167,162,155,145,136,128,123,122,122,124,126,129,131,133,136,138,142,145,147,148,146,141,133,123,114,105,99,96,95,95,96,98,101,105,112,119,128,137,146,152,156,157,155,151,145,139,133,129,126,125,124,125,126,128,131,134,137,140,142,143,143,141,137,131,124,118,113,109,106,104,103,101,101,102,105,109,115,123,
 131,138,145,149,152,152,150,146,142,138,134,131,128,127,126,126,127,128,130,133,135,138,139,140,139,137,133,129,125,120,116,113,111,109,107,106,106,106,108,112,116,122,128,134,139,143,146,147,146,144,142,139,136,133,130,128,127,126,127,128,130,133,135,136,137,138,137,136,133,130,127,124,121,119,116,114,111,109,107,106,107,109,113,117,123,128,134,138,142,144,145,144,143,142,139,137,134,132,130,129,
 128,128,129,130,132,133,134,134,134,134,132,131,129,127,125,122,120,118,116,114,112,110,108,108,109,111,115,120,125,130,135,138,141,143,144,144,143,141,139,137,134,132,130,129,129,130,132,133,134,135,135,135,134,133,131,129,127,125,123,120,118,115,113,111,109,108,108,109,111,115,119,125,130,134,138,140,142,142,141,140,138,136,135,133,132,131,131,131,132,134,135,136,137,137,137,135,134,132,129,127,
 125,123,121,119,116,114,112,110,108,107,107,108,112,118,124,130,136,140,143,144,143,140,138,135,132,130,129,128,128,128,129,130,132,134,137,139,141,142,141,139,136,132,128,124,122,120,119,118,117,115,112,110,107,105,105,107,112,119,127,135,141,145,146,144,142,138,136,133,132,131,130,129,128,127,127,127,129,133,137,142,146,147,146,143,137,132,126,122,119,117,117,116,115,113,110,106,103,101,103,107,
 115,125,135,142,147,148,145,141,137,133,131,131,131,131,130,129,127,126,126,129,133,138,144,148,150,148,144,138,131,125,121,119,118,117,116,115,112,108,104,100,97,100,106,116,128,140,148,152,150,145,138,133,129,128,130,131,132,132,129,127,125,126,129,135,142,148,152,152,148,141,134,128,123,121,119,119,119,117,114,109,104,99,95,94,99,109,121,135,147,153,154,150,142,135,130,128,128,131,132,131,
 129,126,124,125,128,134,142,149,153,153,149,143,135,129,125,123,122,122,121,118,114,110,104,99,96,94,96,104,116,130,144,153,155,152,145,136,130,127,127,129,131,131,129,127,124,125,129,135,143,149,153,153,149,143,135,129,126,124,124,123,122,119,114,109,104,98,94,91,92,100,114,130,146,157,160,155,145,134,127,124,126,129,131,131,128,125,123,125,130,139,146,152,153,151,145,139,134,130,128,127,
 127,126,124,120,116,111,107,101,95,91,88,93,106,123,142,157,163,158,148,136,127,123,125,129,131,131,128,123,122,125,131,140,148,152,152,149,144,139,135,132,130,129,128,126,124,122,119,114,109,103,95,89,86,88,100,120,140,157,165,161,149,136,127,123,125,129,131,129,126,122,122,126,135,143,148,151,149,145,142,139,137,135,133,130,128,128,126,125,123,118,111,105,97,89,84,84,92,110,132,152,
 164,164,154,141,130,125,125,127,129,127,124,122,123,128,135,142,146,147,145,143,142,141,141,138,135,131,128,128,130,130,127,123,116,107,100,94,88,84,84,94,114,138,157,167,165,152,137,126,122,123,127,128,125,122,122,125,132,140,146,147,145,142,140,140,141,141,139,134,130,129,130,132,132,129,123,115,106,100,94,88,83,83,93,113,138,159,169,165,151,136,125,122,124,127,127,124,120,120,126,134,
 143,147,146,142,138,138,139,142,142,139,134,130,130,133,136,136,131,124,116,109,104,100,95,88,82,83,97,122,148,166,170,159,142,128,121,123,127,129,126,120,118,122,132,142,147,147,141,136,134,138,143,145,142,137,131,129,132,137,139,135,127,119,113,109,106,102,94,85,78,82,100,129,155,169,168,154,137,125,124,127,130,128,123,117,116,124,135,145,148,144,138,134,134,139,144,145,141,135,130,130,
 134,139,140,135,128,120,116,113,110,105,98,88,81,81,94,117,143,160,164,156,143,132,127,128,130,128,123,119,118,123,132,141,144,142,137,135,136,139,143,143,140,135,132,133,136,139,140,136,130,124,121,119,116,110,103,95,87,84,87,98,119,141,156,159,153,144,134,129,128,128,126,122,119,120,125,133,140,142,141,137,135,137,140,142,142,140,136,134,134,136,137,138,136,132,127,123,121,117,111,104,
 98,93,89,89,95,109,129,148,157,156,148,138,130,127,128,128,125,121,119,122,128,136,142,142,139,136,136,137,140,141,141,139,135,134,135,137,137,137,134,129,125,123,121,116,110,104,100,95,92,92,97,110,128,145,154,154,146,137,130,127,128,128,126,122,121,124,129,135,139,140,138,136,137,139,140,140,139,138,136,135,136,137,136,135,134,131,128,125,123,118,112,107,103,100,96,95,96,102,115,133,
 149,154,150,141,133,128,127,128,128,125,121,121,126,132,138,141,141,138,135,136,138,139,139,138,137,135,135,136,137,136,135,134,131,128,125,122,118,112,107,103,101,98,97,98,103,114,131,146,152,149,141,134,128,126,127,128,126,124,124,128,132,136,138,139,138,136,136,138,139,138,137,137,136,136,136,137,136,135,134,132,129,126,123,120,115,109,106,104,102,99,99,101,107,119,136,148,150,144,136,130,
 127,126,129,129,126,123,125,130,134,137,138,138,137,136,137,138,138,137,136,136,136,136,137,137,136,135,134,132,128,124,122,119,115,112,110,108,104,101,100,101,105,116,132,144,148,144,137,132,128,128,129,129,127,124,125,129,134,136,137,137,136,136,137,138,138,137,136,137,137,137,137,137,136,134,133,132,129,126,123,121,116,112,110,109,107,103,100,100,103,111,125,141,148,145,138,133,129,128,128,129,
 128,125,124,129,134,137,137,135,135,135,136,138,139,138,136,136,137,138,137,136,135,135,134,134,132,128,124,121,119,116,113,112,110,107,102,99,99,102,112,128,142,147,144,138,132,129,127,128,128,127,125,127,131,135,136,135,134,134,136,138,139,138,137,137,138,138,137,137,136,135,135,136,135,131,126,124,123,121,117,114,111,109,106,105,104,102,101,106,121,138,147,147,141,134,129,127,128,129,128,125,
 125,129,135,137,137,134,132,133,137,140,140,137,136,136,137,138,138,137,135,135,136,136,133,128,124,123,121,119,117,115,112,108,106,105,102,99,100,111,127,143,150,146,138,131,127,127,128,128,126,124,127,132,137,138,136,132,131,134,138,139,137,136,136,138,140,140,138,135,134,135,136,136,132,127,124,123,122,120,117,115,113,111,109,105,101,98,99,108,125,142,150,147,139,132,128,126,126,126,124,124,
 127,133,137,138,136,133,130,132,137,138,136,135,136,138,140,141,139,135,134,135,137,136,133,128,125,124,124,122,119,116,113,112,111,109,105,101,98,101,114,132,146,149,144,137,130,126,126,127,125,124,125,130,135,138,138,135,131,130,133,137,137,136,135,137,139,141,140,137,135,134,136,136,135,132,127,125,125,123,121,118,116,114,113,111,108,104,100,99,103,116,133,146,148,144,137,130,126,125,124,123,
 124,127,131,135,138,138,134,131,131,133,135,137,136,136,138,140,141,140,137,135,134,135,136,134,130,126,125,125,123,122,119,116,114,113,111,108,105,101,100,103,115,131,144,149,146,138,130,125,123,122,123,125,127,131,135,138,138,136,132,130,130,132,135,137,138,139,140,141,140,139,136,134,134,135,134,132,129,127,126,124,122,120,117,115,114,112,109,106,102,100,100,107,122,137,147,150,144,134,127,123,
 122,123,124,125,128,133,137,139,138,134,131,129,129,132,135,137,139,139,140,141,141,138,136,134,134,135,134,131,129,126,124,124,122,121,118,116,113,112,109,106,104,101,101,108,122,136,148,150,144,135,127,122,121,123,124,126,128,132,136,139,138,135,131,129,129,131,134,136,138,139,140,142,142,140,137,134,133,133,133,132,130,128,126,124,122,120,118,116,114,113,111,109,106,103,102,105,115,128,141,149,
 147,140,132,124,122,122,124,126,128,130,133,136,138,137,134,131,129,130,133,135,137,139,140,140,140,139,137,135,134,134,134,133,131,128,126,123,122,120,119,118,116,115,112,110,108,105,105,105,111,123,134,145,148,144,137,128,123,122,122,126,128,129,132,133,136,137,136,134,131,130,131,133,136,138,140,141,140,139,137,135,134,133,133,133,131,130,128,125,124,122,120,119,117,116,114,112,110,108,107,106,
 107,114,124,135,144,146,143,135,127,122,121,124,127,129,131,132,133,134,135,135,133,131,130,131,134,136,140,141,141,139,136,135,134,134,135,134,132,130,128,127,125,124,121,119,117,116,116,115,113,111,109,108,107,110,117,127,138,144,145,141,133,126,122,122,125,128,130,131,132,133,133,134,134,133,132,131,132,133,136,138,140,140,138,136,134,133,134,134,134,133,130,129,126,125,123,121,119,118,117,117,
 116,114,112,110,108,107,111,117,127,136,143,145,141,134,127,123,122,124,127,130,131,132,132,133,133,133,133,132,132,132,133,135,137,139,139,138,136,134,133,133,134,134,133,131,128,126,125,123,121,120,119,118,118,117,115,113,111,110,109,112,117,125,133,139,142,140,136,130,125,123,124,127,129,131,132,132,132,132,132,132,132,132,132,132,134,136,138,139,138,136,134,132,132,133,134,133,132,129,127,125,
 123,122,121,120,120,118,117,116,114,112,111,111,111,116,122,129,136,140,141,138,133,127,124,123,125,128,130,132,132,132,132,132,132,132,132,132,132,133,135,136,138,138,137,135,133,132,133,133,134,133,131,128,126,124,123,122,121,120,119,118,117,116,114,112,111,111,113,118,124,132,138,141,140,136,131,126,124,124,126,128,130,132,132,132,132,132,132,132,132,132,133,135,136,137,138,136,135,133,132,133,
 133,134,133,132,129,127,124,123,122,121,120,119,118,117,116,114,113,112,112,113,117,122,129,135,140,140,137,133,128,125,124,125,128,130,132,132,132,131,131,132,132,132,132,132,133,134,135,137,138,137,135,134,133,133,134,134,133,131,128,126,123,122,121,121,120,119,118,117,116,114,113,112,112,114,118,125,132,137,141,140,137,131,127,124,124,126,128,130,131,132,132,132,132,132,132,132,132,132,133,134,
 136,137,137,137,135,133,132,132,133,133,133,130,128,125,123,122,121,120,119,118,117,116,115,114,113,112,112,115,120,127,134,140,141,139,134,129,126,125,126,128,129,130,131,131,131,131,132,132,133,133,133,133,133,135,136,137,137,136,134,133,133,133,134,133,132,129,126,124,123,121,120,120,119,118,117,116,115,113,113,112,114,118,124,131,137,140,139,136,131,128,126,125,127,128,129,130,130,130,131,131,
 132,133,133,133,133,132,133,134,135,136,137,136,135,134,133,133,133,133,131,129,126,124,123,122,121,120,118,117,116,115,114,114,113,113,115,119,125,132,137,140,139,135,131,128,126,126,127,128,129,129,129,130,131,132,132,133,133,133,133,133,134,135,136,136,135,134,134,134,134,134,134,133,130,128,125,123,122,121,120,119,118,117,116,116,115,114,113,114,117,122,128,134,138,138,136,133,130,128,127,128,
 128,129,129,129,129,130,131,132,133,133,134,133,133,134,135,135,135,135,134,133,133,134,134,134,133,131,129,126,124,123,121,120,118,117,116,116,115,115,115,115,116,118,122,127,131,135,136,136,134,131,129,128,129,129,129,129,128,129,129,130,131,132,133,133,133,134,134,135,136,135,135,134,133,133,133,134,134,133,131,129,127,126,124,122,120,118,117,116,116,116,115,115,115,115,117,121,125,130,134,136,
 136,134,132,131,130,130,129,129,128,128,128,129,130,131,132,132,133,133,134,135,136,136,136,135,133,133,132,132,133,133,132,131,129,128,126,124,122,120,119,118,117,116,116,115,115,115,116,118,121,125,129,132,134,134,134,133,132,131,130,130,129,128,128,128,129,130,131,131,132,133,133,135,136,136,136,136,134,133,133,132,132,132,132,131,130,129,128,126,125,123,122,121,120,119,118,118,117,116,116,117,
 118,120,123,126,129,131,133,133,133,133,132,132,131,130,130,129,129,129,129,130,130,130,131,131,132,133,133,133,133,132,132,131,131,130,130,130,130,129,129,128,128,127,126,126,125,125,124,124,124,124,124,124,123,124,124,124,125,125,126,126,127,127,128,128,128,129,129,129,130,130,130,130,130,130,130,130,130,130,130,130,130,129,129,129,129,129,129,129,129,129,129,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,127,
 127,128,127,127,127,127,127,127,127,127,127,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,
 128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,
 128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,
 128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,127,128,127,128,127,128,134,131,128,127,127,128,127,127,127,128,127,127,127,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,
 128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,
 128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,127,128,127,127,127,127,127,127,127,127,127,127,127,127,127,128,127,136,139,134,131,128,128,125,125,126,127,128,127,126,125,128,128,127,128,128,130,129,129,128,
 127,129,128,127,127,127,127,127,127,129,129,130,131,131,130,129,128,127,126,125,126,126,127,127,127,128,129,129,129,130,130,129,128,128,128,127,127,127,127,128,128,128,128,128,129,128,128,128,128,128,127,127,127,128,128,128,128,128,129,129,129,129,129,129,128,128,128,128,128,127,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,127,127,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,
 128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,127,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,
 128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,
 128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,
 128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,
 128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,
 128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,
 128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,
 128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,
 128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,
 128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,
 128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,
 128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,
 128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,
 128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,
 128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,
 128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,
 128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,127,128,129,128,128,127,128,129,128,128,128,128,128,128,129,128,128,127,128,128,128,128,128,129,128,127,128,128,128,128,128,127,127,128,128,128,
 128,129,128,127,127,128,129,128,127,127,128,129,129,128,127,127,128,128,128,128,128,128,129,128,128,129,129,128,127,127,129,128,129,130,129,126,126,128,128,128,128,128,128,127,128,130,129,126,128,131,127,125,127,132,132,125,124,127,129,130,129,126,123,126,132,132,125,123,127,132,130,127,132,132,124,124,128,130,129,130,132,127,123,126,135,132,123,127,129,126,126,127,126,128,131,131,129,128,127,125,
 123,125,130,131,130,127,125,130,133,133,129,118,122,132,129,126,130,138,131,121,123,130,129,126,126,129,126,122,132,137,132,125,120,126,131,129,127,126,129,126,128,129,130,132,129,128,123,122,127,127,131,135,135,123,117,130,136,133,127,123,132,131,120,126,141,135,121,124,127,129,129,126,130,129,128,129,127,126,122,125,134,131,124,126,129,129,126,125,129,127,121,128,133,128,126,127,129,124,123,129,
 130,136,129,125,129,124,128,133,133,130,129,128,123,129,137,139,131,119,123,127,125,127,137,142,127,117,121,124,124,126,134,134,120,113,122,134,136,123,120,128,124,119,128,138,139,128,121,123,127,134,135,138,131,124,129,129,127,133,142,140,132,126,118,126,142,142,130,124,119,119,131,137,132,122,111,110,110,117,128,127,124,119,113,114,118,124,131,127,126,133,135,135,140,146,144,137,137,141,145,141,
 142,147,141,132,127,127,132,129,124,121,126,131,119,107,101,101,107,116,118,112,112,112,119,128,123,124,128,130,130,130,135,141,145,144,143,141,140,143,143,145,147,147,145,141,135,130,127,125,130,135,125,114,114,110,102,100,108,112,103,94,99,124,137,127,120,121,126,126,127,136,143,144,141,141,145,148,144,140,144,147,145,143,144,147,144,134,126,122,122,127,128,121,110,97,92,95,99,96,84,110,
 156,149,120,103,110,128,129,135,148,149,140,130,138,152,152,147,144,142,138,136,144,154,153,142,131,128,125,117,122,129,118,104,92,95,96,80,74,90,150,182,147,103,87,111,129,133,150,159,151,127,119,139,154,155,147,143,140,130,132,148,162,158,141,130,129,125,113,116,127,121,104,91,90,81,69,71,117,191,187,124,78,82,119,134,145,163,162,137,110,117,146,161,157,145,136,130,126,137,159,170,
 159,136,123,123,124,121,120,129,126,104,90,81,67,71,71,121,208,197,125,65,67,118,142,153,165,160,134,104,109,146,170,162,141,129,125,126,136,159,174,165,140,123,121,126,130,124,124,128,118,99,81,70,68,71,73,158,234,181,95,43,77,138,150,157,161,153,125,95,119,164,176,153,125,122,126,131,146,167,179,159,127,115,122,135,136,125,122,124,115,97,85,71,64,64,73,174,242,175,90,40,
 78,136,149,161,162,153,125,95,115,162,181,156,125,117,124,134,148,170,179,160,128,112,119,133,136,127,126,124,118,97,78,64,63,68,69,179,250,178,90,29,73,139,152,161,158,156,131,94,108,151,183,170,129,111,115,133,152,169,179,164,134,111,113,134,147,139,126,117,114,104,81,65,65,66,57,147,251,212,111,23,45,128,161,163,155,154,143,106,98,132,171,181,148,115,109,123,148,169,178,170,
 142,117,110,125,144,146,137,121,110,104,88,70,60,67,57,103,223,237,158,55,19,91,148,169,162,151,153,125,100,111,148,184,169,130,106,110,138,164,178,177,158,130,107,110,133,152,149,130,111,105,93,75,60,57,64,74,181,248,194,102,17,52,126,163,172,152,152,144,114,106,124,160,176,153,123,107,122,151,172,178,167,146,122,111,119,138,148,141,125,111,101,82,68,55,58,56,110,227,236,168,
 58,13,79,140,177,164,147,154,138,119,107,125,162,175,155,117,105,126,160,182,178,159,135,117,113,122,139,149,144,123,100,84,74,65,58,53,61,164,242,221,132,27,33,93,156,177,154,152,151,143,123,107,129,156,170,150,117,112,134,170,184,170,147,126,122,121,126,134,139,141,125,106,79,62,54,60,56,83,183,230,213,116,33,41,93,162,171,155,148,147,153,132,120,121,137,160,149,134,121,140,
 170,178,169,138,125,123,127,131,128,133,131,126,107,78,61,49,62,54,101,184,220,208,114,52,44,90,153,165,162,145,149,156,144,132,115,124,142,150,147,135,143,157,170,166,145,130,121,126,129,131,131,126,124,109,91,73,55,53,45,85,161,211,216,146,80,48,72,128,155,164,149,148,155,156,150,125,116,120,137,152,154,155,150,154,155,151,143,131,125,122,124,126,125,122,112,98,82,65,60,48,
 70,132,186,213,172,115,67,66,106,140,162,152,145,146,155,162,148,129,113,117,137,155,164,156,148,145,147,150,144,132,119,115,120,127,127,119,102,87,73,68,62,60,100,146,191,192,154,106,71,84,113,148,158,151,142,140,154,161,156,135,116,114,130,156,168,164,149,137,137,142,145,137,124,114,113,120,124,120,104,88,72,66,61,71,108,147,180,178,152,114,88,93,112,140,151,151,143,141,149,155,
 157,143,128,118,124,142,158,165,157,145,135,133,137,138,135,125,117,114,115,117,111,100,84,72,62,63,91,128,167,179,165,134,102,94,103,128,145,153,147,139,140,145,155,155,147,132,122,126,137,154,162,159,147,134,129,128,134,135,132,124,115,109,105,104,101,91,79,63,63,89,127,167,180,170,136,104,91,100,126,148,158,150,138,132,136,149,158,157,144,128,121,125,141,156,164,157,143,128,121,126,
 134,140,136,124,110,101,99,99,97,90,76,64,73,99,140,170,181,165,131,103,90,102,125,150,162,157,145,132,130,138,150,157,152,140,127,124,131,145,157,159,151,136,125,121,125,132,135,131,121,108,96,88,84,82,77,75,87,106,136,159,171,164,141,118,100,100,114,136,154,161,157,145,135,131,136,144,148,148,141,135,132,136,142,148,150,145,139,132,129,128,128,127,123,117,105,94,85,78,74,70,
 80,98,124,150,165,168,152,131,111,101,108,123,143,155,159,153,142,134,132,137,143,146,145,140,136,134,137,141,145,146,144,140,136,134,132,130,128,122,115,104,93,84,77,73,68,77,95,121,149,165,170,156,136,116,104,108,120,138,151,157,154,144,137,133,136,141,144,145,141,138,135,137,140,143,145,143,141,139,137,136,133,130,123,115,105,93,84,77,74,70,73,89,111,139,160,169,163,144,125,109,
 107,116,131,146,153,153,146,139,135,135,141,144,145,141,136,134,135,139,144,146,146,143,140,139,138,137,133,127,119,111,100,90,82,76,72,68,74,92,117,146,165,171,160,139,120,108,110,121,136,148,151,147,140,135,136,140,145,147,142,135,129,130,135,143,149,150,146,141,138,139,141,142,137,130,120,110,101,92,85,78,74,69,69,84,108,139,163,172,165,144,123,111,110,122,135,145,147,142,138,135,
 139,145,147,146,139,130,125,127,136,146,152,152,146,140,137,139,144,146,143,134,124,115,107,101,92,84,74,67,62,68,93,124,155,172,170,153,130,116,113,120,133,140,141,138,134,136,141,149,152,147,137,125,119,121,131,144,152,155,151,143,140,140,144,148,146,141,132,124,118,113,106,97,85,73,65,62,64,85,116,146,168,169,157,137,121,118,121,130,136,135,133,133,138,147,152,153,144,131,121,116,
 121,131,141,149,150,149,147,146,147,147,146,144,140,137,132,127,121,113,104,93,82,74,67,64,63,82,114,146,170,171,157,136,120,120,125,131,135,130,128,133,143,155,157,151,137,122,116,116,123,133,139,144,148,151,153,152,150,146,142,142,142,141,137,130,123,116,109,102,91,80,70,63,62,67,95,130,158,172,163,146,131,123,127,128,127,126,124,133,146,155,159,149,136,124,117,118,119,122,128,136,
 148,157,161,159,153,148,146,144,144,140,134,130,126,124,121,116,109,99,91,85,81,80,80,90,105,116,125,129,133,140,147,152,150,143,136,132,135,139,138,133,123,113,111,115,125,138,150,157,161,163,162,159,154,146,137,129,122,121,125,130,133,132,126,118,112,107,103,99,92,83,74,69,72,92,122,150,172,179,169,155,142,133,130,130,125,115,107,102,104,118,136,151,162,166,163,160,158,154,149,143,
 134,125,123,126,132,139,142,137,130,122,116,112,108,99,88,78,71,68,71,84,109,138,163,178,178,164,146,132,123,121,121,117,111,108,110,119,135,150,158,160,158,154,152,152,151,146,139,131,127,130,137,143,146,143,135,128,123,119,115,108,97,87,81,78,79,81,86,101,121,139,154,166,165,155,143,129,116,112,114,114,117,122,125,132,145,155,158,156,147,136,132,136,140,144,146,145,144,146,147,145,
 141,135,129,126,124,118,109,100,92,86,86,89,87,81,78,100,144,181,192,177,142,106,95,105,119,128,127,120,120,137,159,167,159,140,119,113,124,139,149,155,154,151,150,149,143,135,131,131,134,134,125,111,100,95,93,94,92,86,77,69,85,135,182,198,182,146,107,93,106,121,126,123,118,119,137,160,168,155,137,121,116,125,139,145,147,150,154,155,154,145,132,126,131,138,139,130,114,101,98,100,
 98,93,85,77,69,77,117,167,192,184,157,122,100,103,117,123,121,119,121,133,153,165,158,141,126,120,123,133,141,143,146,153,157,154,147,136,128,130,139,142,135,121,108,102,102,105,100,89,80,76,73,87,130,173,187,173,147,118,103,109,121,122,119,120,126,139,154,161,151,135,126,125,128,134,140,142,147,155,157,151,140,133,131,135,141,139,127,114,108,107,106,103,94,84,79,79,79,97,140,177,
 181,163,140,116,105,112,124,124,119,122,130,141,153,157,145,131,127,128,131,137,142,144,147,153,154,146,137,132,133,137,141,138,126,113,109,108,106,101,95,87,81,80,82,100,140,174,179,159,136,117,109,115,125,125,119,121,131,143,151,153,144,131,127,131,134,137,140,144,147,151,151,145,135,132,135,140,141,136,125,114,110,111,108,101,93,87,83,83,83,97,133,168,177,161,140,121,112,116,125,126,
 121,120,128,140,149,152,146,134,128,130,135,138,139,142,145,148,149,145,138,133,135,139,141,136,127,117,111,110,108,103,95,89,86,86,84,93,123,159,174,162,143,126,117,117,125,128,122,119,125,136,146,150,147,138,131,131,135,138,139,141,144,146,147,144,139,135,134,138,141,138,129,120,114,112,110,105,99,93,89,88,87,87,104,138,165,168,153,136,123,119,122,128,127,121,119,127,138,145,147,143,
 136,132,134,138,140,139,140,143,144,143,141,138,136,138,141,141,135,125,117,114,113,110,105,98,92,89,89,88,92,112,143,162,160,147,136,128,126,128,128,124,118,118,125,134,140,141,140,138,136,137,139,139,138,139,139,139,138,137,136,135,136,138,137,135,130,125,121,117,114,109,103,97,94,92,93,104,123,139,148,152,149,145,140,132,122,119,120,120,118,120,125,131,138,142,140,138,139,140,139,136,
 133,131,133,135,133,131,131,134,136,136,134,129,125,123,119,113,106,100,98,96,96,108,128,139,141,145,149,148,144,136,125,118,120,119,116,118,123,129,134,139,138,139,142,142,138,135,133,134,135,134,130,129,132,135,135,133,133,132,129,125,119,114,110,105,100,96,94,102,122,135,136,140,149,152,146,138,129,124,124,121,114,114,122,128,129,131,135,139,144,143,137,136,138,137,134,131,130,132,133,132,
 131,133,136,134,130,126,124,121,116,109,103,101,99,94,102,123,133,132,139,149,151,145,139,132,129,128,121,114,117,124,125,124,129,135,140,141,139,138,141,142,138,133,134,134,131,129,130,131,133,133,130,129,129,126,120,116,112,105,102,98,93,104,124,127,125,139,152,148,141,140,138,134,128,120,118,123,123,117,121,130,133,133,137,141,143,143,140,140,140,137,131,129,131,130,129,130,133,132,130,128,
 127,125,121,114,109,107,103,94,96,112,122,119,127,145,148,141,142,146,141,133,127,125,125,121,117,119,125,125,125,132,138,138,139,145,148,143,139,138,136,130,127,128,130,129,127,129,132,129,125,125,123,116,110,108,104,95,97,112,116,114,128,143,141,138,147,149,140,136,135,131,126,121,120,121,120,119,125,130,131,135,141,146,148,145,143,142,136,130,130,130,126,127,129,128,128,128,127,126,123,118,
 116,113,105,99,100,108,111,111,122,135,135,136,147,147,141,142,141,134,130,128,124,120,119,120,122,123,127,132,136,139,147,148,143,144,144,135,131,133,128,126,128,127,125,126,126,125,123,120,119,117,111,106,103,104,111,111,114,126,130,130,139,144,141,143,144,140,136,134,131,125,122,122,121,120,124,128,132,138,141,142,145,145,141,140,138,134,132,130,128,126,124,124,123,122,121,120,118,118,114,111,
 107,105,112,113,113,123,128,127,135,140,138,141,143,141,138,137,134,130,127,125,122,121,123,124,128,134,136,139,142,142,142,141,139,138,134,133,131,127,126,124,121,121,120,117,117,117,113,112,110,106,113,114,113,123,126,127,133,137,137,139,142,141,138,138,136,131,129,128,124,123,125,124,125,132,134,135,141,141,140,142,140,137,137,135,131,129,128,125,122,122,120,117,117,117,114,112,112,108,110,115,
 113,119,125,126,130,135,137,138,141,141,139,139,137,134,131,129,126,124,124,124,124,128,131,133,137,139,140,140,140,139,138,136,134,132,129,127,124,122,121,119,117,117,115,113,112,109,108,114,113,115,123,125,127,132,135,136,139,141,140,139,139,136,133,131,128,125,125,124,123,125,127,130,134,135,139,140,140,141,139,137,136,134,132,130,128,125,123,122,119,118,117,115,114,112,110,109,114,113,116,123,
 124,127,132,134,136,139,141,139,140,139,136,134,132,128,125,124,123,122,124,126,128,133,135,137,140,140,140,140,139,137,136,134,131,129,127,124,123,121,119,117,117,115,113,112,108,112,114,112,120,123,125,130,134,135,138,141,140,140,141,137,135,133,129,126,124,123,121,123,125,126,130,132,136,140,139,141,141,139,139,137,135,133,131,128,126,124,122,121,119,117,117,115,112,111,108,113,114,113,121,123,
 125,131,133,136,138,141,140,140,140,137,134,132,128,125,124,122,121,122,124,125,130,134,135,140,141,140,142,140,138,137,135,133,131,129,126,124,123,121,120,119,117,117,114,112,109,110,114,112,117,123,123,129,133,134,138,140,140,140,141,138,135,133,129,126,124,122,121,121,123,124,127,131,136,137,141,143,140,142,140,136,137,135,131,131,128,125,125,124,121,121,120,117,117,115,111,109,109,114,112,116,
 123,123,129,134,134,139,142,140,141,141,137,134,132,128,124,123,121,119,121,122,124,129,134,136,140,143,142,142,142,138,137,136,132,131,130,126,125,124,122,123,121,120,119,117,114,112,109,109,114,112,116,124,124,129,135,135,139,142,141,140,140,137,133,130,127,123,121,121,119,120,123,124,128,133,137,139,142,144,142,141,140,136,135,133,131,130,129,127,126,125,124,124,123,121,119,117,114,110,106,108,
 112,110,116,124,124,131,137,137,141,144,142,141,140,135,131,128,124,120,119,119,118,120,124,126,131,137,141,142,145,144,141,141,138,134,133,131,128,128,128,126,126,126,125,125,124,121,120,117,113,110,106,107,112,111,117,126,127,132,140,139,142,145,141,139,138,133,129,125,122,119,118,119,119,121,126,129,132,138,141,142,146,143,140,140,135,132,132,129,129,129,128,128,128,128,128,127,126,123,119,117,
 113,108,106,103,108,112,113,123,129,131,140,143,142,145,144,139,137,133,128,124,120,118,117,117,120,122,125,131,134,137,142,143,143,143,141,137,135,132,130,129,129,129,130,131,131,131,131,129,128,125,122,118,115,111,107,103,102,107,112,115,125,133,135,141,146,144,144,143,138,133,130,125,120,118,117,117,118,122,125,128,133,137,139,142,143,141,140,139,135,132,131,129,128,129,131,131,132,133,133,132,
 131,128,125,122,118,114,110,107,104,102,105,113,116,122,134,138,140,146,145,143,142,137,132,128,123,121,118,116,118,119,122,127,130,134,137,139,141,141,140,140,136,133,132,129,128,129,130,131,133,133,134,134,133,131,129,126,123,119,114,112,109,106,105,104,109,117,121,128,137,140,141,144,143,140,137,133,129,124,121,120,118,118,121,123,126,130,133,136,138,139,140,139,137,136,134,132,130,129,130,130,
 132,133,134,135,135,133,132,130,126,124,121,117,114,112,110,108,108,108,111,118,124,128,135,140,140,141,141,138,134,130,128,125,121,121,121,121,123,125,128,131,133,136,138,138,139,139,137,135,133,131,130,129,130,131,132,133,134,134,133,132,130,128,126,123,120,117,115,113,112,111,110,110,113,119,124,128,134,138,139,139,138,137,133,129,127,125,122,122,122,123,125,126,129,132,133,135,137,137,138,138,
 136,134,133,131,131,130,130,132,133,133,133,133,133,131,129,127,125,122,120,118,116,115,113,112,112,113,114,120,124,128,132,136,137,137,136,135,133,129,127,126,124,124,123,124,126,127,129,132,134,135,137,137,138,136,135,133,132,131,130,130,131,132,132,133,133,133,131,130,128,127,124,122,120,118,117,115,114,114,114,114,116,120,125,128,131,134,136,136,135,134,132,130,127,126,125,125,125,125,127,128,
 129,131,133,135,136,136,137,136,134,133,131,131,130,130,131,132,132,132,132,132,131,129,127,126,124,123,121,119,118,116,115,115,115,116,117,120,124,127,130,133,134,135,134,133,132,130,128,127,126,126,127,127,127,129,130,132,134,135,135,135,135,134,133,132,131,131,131,130,131,132,132,132,132,131,131,130,127,126,124,123,121,119,118,118,118,117,116,117,118,120,123,126,129,131,132,133,133,133,131,130,
 129,128,128,127,128,128,129,129,131,132,133,133,133,134,134,133,132,132,131,131,131,130,131,131,131,131,131,131,130,129,127,126,124,123,122,120,119,118,118,118,118,118,120,122,124,126,128,130,131,132,132,131,130,130,130,129,129,129,130,130,131,131,131,132,132,132,132,132,132,132,131,131,131,131,131,131,131,131,131,131,130,129,128,127,126,125,123,123,122,120,120,119,120,120,120,120,121,123,124,126,
 128,129,130,130,130,130,130,130,130,130,130,130,131,131,131,131,132,132,132,132,133,133,132,132,131,131,131,131,130,130,130,130,130,129,128,127,127,126,125,124,123,122,121,120,120,120,121,121,122,122,123,125,126,127,128,129,130,130,130,130,130,130,131,131,131,131,131,132,132,132,132,133,133,132,132,132,131,131,131,131,130,130,130,130,129,128,128,127,126,126,125,124,123,123,122,121,121,121,122,122,
 123,123,124,124,125,126,127,128,128,129,130,130,130,131,131,131,131,131,132,132,132,132,133,133,132,132,132,132,132,132,132,131,131,131,130,130,129,129,128,127,127,126,125,124,123,122,121,121,121,121,121,122,123,123,124,124,124,124,125,126,127,128,129,131,132,132,133,133,133,133,134,134,134,133,133,133,133,133,132,132,131,131,131,130,130,129,129,128,128,127,127,126,126,125,125,124,124,123,123,123,
 123,123,122,123,123,123,124,124,124,125,125,126,126,127,128,129,130,131,132,132,132,132,132,133,133,133,133,133,133,133,133,132,132,131,131,130,130,129,129,129,129,128,127,127,126,126,126,125,125,124,124,124,124,123,123,123,124,124,125,125,125,125,125,126,126,126,126,127,128,129,129,130,130,130,130,131,131,132,132,132,132,132,132,132,132,132,131,131,131,131,130,130,129,129,129,129,128,127,127,126,
 126,126,126,125,125,125,125,125,125,125,125,125,125,125,126,126,126,126,126,126,127,127,127,127,127,128,128,129,129,129,130,130,130,130,130,130,131,131,131,131,131,131,130,130,130,130,130,130,129,129,129,128,128,128,127,127,127,126,126,126,126,126,126,127,127,127,128,127,127,127,127,127,127,128,128,127,127,126,127,127,127,127,127,127,128,128,128,128,129,129,129,129,129,130,130,129,129,130,130,130,
 130,129,129,129,129,129,129,129,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,127,127,127,127,127,127,127,127,127,127,127,127,127,127,127,127,127,127,127,127,127,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,129,129,129,129,129,129,129,129,129,129,129,129,129,129,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,127,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,129,128,128,128,128,
 128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,
 128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,
 128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,
 128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,
 128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,
 128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,
 128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,128,
};


/* initialise the PWM */
void init_pwm(void)
{
 CLKPR = (1 << CLKPCE);
 CLKPR = 0;
    // use OC1A pin as output 
    DDRB = 1 << PB1;

    /*
    * Use timer 1 for fast PWM, 8bit
    */
    
    /*
    * Prescaler: clk/1 = 8MHz
    * PWM frequency is 8MHz / 256 = 31.25kHz
    */
    
 TCCR1A = (1 << COM1A1)| (1 << WGM10);
 TCCR1B = (1 << WGM12) | (1 << CS10);
   
    OCR1A = 0;
 
    /* Setup Timer0 which changes the pwm duty cycle in its overflow interrupt */
 
    TCCR0B |=(1<<CS00);
    TCNT0=0;
    TIMSK0|=(1<<TOIE0);
    sample_count = 4;
    sei(); //Enable interrupts
}



ISR(TIMER0_OVF_vect)
{
  
         sample_count--;
         if (sample_count == 0)
            {
             sample_count = 4;         
             OCR1A = pgm_read_byte(&helloworld[sample++]);
             if(sample>helloworld_length){
     sample=0;
    }    
            }
}



int main(void)
{
   init_pwm();
   while(1);//do nothing
}

The HTML version of this sourcecode is unfortunately so large that either the blogger software or (more likely) my browser refuse to handle it properly while editing, so the explanation of the source code will be postponed to an upcoming post.



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1 comment:

  1. BloggerNovember 17, 2017 at 1:21 AM

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